Dressed for the Durbar

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Kano Emirate traditional rulers during the Durbar, 2008

On their way to present themselves to the Emir at the annual Kano Durbar festival, these young aristocrats embody many of the contradictions of contemporary traditional authority in Nigeria. One of West-Africa’s largest celebrations of precolonial power, the Durbar ostensibly contains much that is ’traditional': district, village, and ward heads from all over Kano come to the Emir’s Palace on horseback, dressed in their customary garb and guarded by ’traditional’ soldiers, to greet the Emir and demonstrate their allegiance. And yet ironically, the festival itself is largely a colonial invention, intended to solidify the position of the ‘decentralised despots’ through whom they ruled their colonies. 

Traditional rulers, from Igbo chiefs to Fulani Emirs, constitute one of the more intriguing aspects of Nigerian politics, seemingly anachronistic remnants of tradition in a deeply (post)modern, oil-driven political economy. But the ambiguity of their ‘traditional’ status makes them difficult to position and understand. Classically, Weber viewed traditional authority as legitimate domination based on "the sanctity of age-old rules and powers”, and traditional leaders as those who "are obeyed because of their traditional status”. If we allow for some constructivism, we may keep following Weber and define as ’traditional authorities’ all those elites who claim legitimate power on the basis of (real or imagined) ‘tradition’, ‘culture’ or ‘custom’.

Does this definition work for Nigeria’s traditional rulers? And might it help to explain the surprising resurgence of traditional authority in Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa, as a product of a postmodern yearning for culture and custom? Perhaps. In northern Nigeria, I have spoken to many people who feel that the Emirate authorities represent at least some aspects of their region’s culture, or what it means to belong: aspectsof (Sufi) Islam, of Hausa and/or Fulani customs, of a sense of ‘Northernness’. 

Emirate leaders themselves also appear to count on this source of legitimacy by maintaining (pre)colonial aspects of their dress and ritualistic behaviour, and explicitly presenting themselves as ‘fathers’ of their community. But at the same time, they are acutely aware that their popularity is conditional on what they bring their people: as peace builders, social service providers, local administrators, and community representatives relatively untainted by the corruption of Nigerian politicking. Outwardly traditional, perhaps, but functionally on a tightrope between custom and the demands of modern politics. 

 

Tips for difficult essay questions

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Sometimes, you are required to write an essay on a question that seems impossible to answer in a trilogy of books, let alone in a much shorter piece of writing. It can be done. Here's some advice on how (in addition to this).

1. Read the question carefully and make sure your thesis and argument(s) actually address the question. Really focusing on the question will often make your life easier (for a while).

2. Take a few minutes to formulate an intuitive answer to the question (or several, and then choose) and then use that as a starting point. You can do this, whatever the question is. And remember: you don’t have to give a fully comprehensive answer to all aspects of the question for all possible cases; just make a single argument that works.

3. Plan. Your. Essay. Look at the requirements and put together a logical and analytical outline with a good introduction (incl. question, thesis, road map), body (in which each paragraph makes a distinct argument), and conclusion. Preferably before you start writing.

4. Finish the full essay before the deadline and revise and re-write it. Because unless you are a truly exceptional writer, it's really hard to juggle both composition and complex thinking in the first attempt.

5. Allow yourself to be creative. Often, difficult questions are meant to be like puzzles, designed to make you think a bit outside the box. You have all the necessary pieces to solve them, but the challenge is to put these pieces together in a coherent and convincing way. 

6. Read a book or two on writing. These are good starting points: The elements of style, On writing well, and Economical writing.

 

What is a good essay?

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Essay writing is hard. Defined simply as 'a short piece of writing by a student as part of a course of study', the academic essay is a notoriously vague genre. Yet professors appear to have remarkably extensive (and demanding) expectations of their students' pieces of writing. So in an attempt to make my students' lives a little easier, the subsequent paragraphs will outline my expectations for a good essay. In brief, I argue that good essays present a logical and convincing argument, have a clear and consistent structure, and are written in a style that is easy to read and concise.

So a first requirement of a good essay is that it presents a convincing thesis and argument(s) and the evidence to support it. Think of a thesis as your answer to a (research) question, and of arguments, with corresponding evidence, as the reasons why your reader should believe the thesis. Or think of yourself as a lawyer arguing a case, with the reader as the judge or jury. Good arguments are logical, supported by (well-referenced) evidence, and they come in many shapes: from logical deductions from axiomatic assumptions and convincing rebuttals of counterarguments, to thought experiments and well-founded empirical claims. Good theses, in turn, are concise, non-trivial, and unambiguous - and, obviously, supported by good evidence.

Second, a good essay should have a clear and consistent structure, that is easy to follow and supportive of the arguments the essay presents. There is no uniform structure that is 'best' for all essays, but the introduction-body-conclusion structure is a good place to start. Good introductions generally catch the reader's interest, state the essay's thesis, and provide a road map to the essay; good body paragraphs each present one (sub)argument in support of the thesis; and good conclusions revisit the thesis and arguments and highlight broader implications of the thesis and arguments. Finding the right structure is often tricky, so plan your essay, use lots of signposting (or here), and allow yourself time for revision.

Third and finally, a good essay is easy to read and concisely written. Ideally, it is also engaging or perhaps even fun to read. Style, humour, and rhetoric are important elements of essays because they can strengthen arguments and help to convince the reader. If used excessively or inappropriately, however, they will have the opposite effect. So by all means, experiment and be creative. But always make sure that any stylistic or rhetorical element you use serves the essay's content rather than the other way around.

In sum, good essays are logical and convincing, clearly and consistently structured, and easy to read and concisely written. Of course, these criteria are still rather generic and in practice can result in a wide range of what I would call good essays. This may feel frustrating. But in fact, it is the greatest strength, and even beauty, of the essay genre: it allows you, as the writer, to develop a unique style of writing that matches your style of thinking and arguing. Thus, learning how to write a good essay makes you a better writer and a better thinker at the same time.